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what organization sought to set workplace standards, such as child labor restrictions?

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A child labor standards poster from the 1940s.

Child labor laws in the Us address issues related to the employment and welfare of working children in the The states. The most sweeping federal police force that restricts the employment and abuse of kid workers is the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA), which came into strength during the Franklin D. Roosevelt assistants.[1] Kid labor provisions nether FLSA are designed to protect the educational opportunities of youth and prohibit their employment in jobs that are detrimental to their health and safety. FLSA restricts the hours that youth nether 16 years of age tin can work and lists hazardous occupations too dangerous for immature workers to perform.

Federal law [edit]

The main constabulary regulating child labor in the U.s.a. is the Fair Labor Standards Act. For non-agronomical jobs, children nether xiv may not be employed, children between fourteen and 16 may be employed in allowed occupations during limited hours, and children between sixteen and 17 may be employed for unlimited hours in non-hazardous occupations.[2] A number of exceptions to these rules exist, such as for employment by parents, newspaper delivery, and child actors.[2] The regulations for agricultural employment are mostly less strict.

State laws [edit]

States have varying laws covering youth employment. Each land has minimum requirements such as, primeval age a child may begin working, number of hours a child is immune to be working during the day, number of hours a child is allowed to be worked during the calendar week. The U.s.a. Department of Labor lists the minimum requirements for agricultural piece of work in each state.[3] Where state law differs from federal police on child labor, the law with the more rigorous standard applies.[two]

Individual states take a wide range of restrictions on labor by minors, frequently requiring work permits for minors who are still enrolled in loftier school, limiting the times and hours that minors can piece of work by historic period and imposing boosted rubber regulations.[4]

History of children's labor for wages [edit]

"Addie Carte du jour, 12 years. Spinner in North Pormal [i.east., Pownal] Cotton Mill. Vt." by Lewis Hine, 1912 - 1913

Children working with mules in a coal mine

Child labor began every bit a productive outlet for children during colonial times in America. At the age of 13, orphan children were sent into a trade or domestic piece of work due to laws that sought to seek idle children from condign a brunt to society.[v] Increased economic tensions betwixt England and America created the want for an independent manufacturing sector. Women and children were employed past manufacturing while the husband could tend to the subcontract at home. This practice, fulfilled the Jeffersonian ideal of yeoman father. As a national newsweekly magazine observed factory work was non for able bodied men rather "ameliorate done by six to twelve yr old girls".[five]

As the United States industrialized, factory owners hired young workers for a variety of tasks. Specially in material mills, children were often hired together with their parents and could be hired for merely $2 a week.[half dozen] Children had a special disposition to working in factories and mines every bit their small-scale statures were useful to fixing machinery and navigating the small areas that fully grown adults could non.[7] Many families in mill towns depended on the children'south labor to brand plenty money for necessities.[8] [nine] In mining towns, many parents often helped their children thwart child laws that did be since miners were paid per carload of coal and whatsoever additional help to load coal meant an increment in pay.[half-dozen] According to the 1900 census, an estimated 1,750,178 children ages ten to fifteen were employed, constituting more 18 percentage of the industrial labor force.[10] Every decade following 1870, the number of children in the workforce increased, with the percentage not dropping until later on the Corking War.[ten] From 1910 to 1920, more than 60 percent of kid workers in the United States were employed in agronomics.[11] Every boy built-in into a farm family was worth a k dollars. Children as young as 3 were sometimes found hurling berries.[5] Some children preferred piece of work over school since earning wages earned them respect in their homes, they were punished in the class of corporal penalization at school, and did not like to read or write instead of working.[eleven]

Employment certificates [edit]

The federal legal system had limited powers to pass kid labor laws primarily due to the constitution that gave parents the right to raise their children every bit they pleased.[5] Information technology was a matter for the states to deal with and created their own kid labor laws including age and schooling requirements. For regular, total-time work, "age and schooling certificates", "piece of work permits", or "employment certificates" were issued in States to children, unremarkably 14 or fifteen, before they may become to piece of work in certain occupations, more often than not manufacturing, and mercantile.[12] No certifications were required for agronomics, street trades, and piece of work in private households.[13]

Reformation of child labor laws [edit]

The commencement of the 20th century was the fourth dimension when reform efforts became widespread.[6] The National Kid Labor Committee, an system dedicated to the abolition of all child labor, was formed in 1904. Past publishing information on the lives and working conditions of young workers, it helped to mobilize popular back up for state-level child labor laws. These laws were often paired with compulsory instruction laws which were designed to curtail child labor to an extent, go on children in school, and out of the paid labor market until a specified age (usually 12, 14, or 16 years.)[half-dozen] In 1906 Republican Senator Albert J. Beveridge introduced the get-go child labor bill at the national level that brought heightened attention to the topic. The pecker was later turned downwardly by President Theodore Roosevelt.[vi]

In 1916, nether pressure from the National Child Labor Committee (NCLC) and the National Consumers League, the Usa Congress passed the Keating–Owen Act, outlawing interstate commerce involving goods produced past employees under the ages of xiv,fifteen or 16, depending on the type of work. Southern Democrats were opposed but did not filibuster the nib. President Woodrow Wilson had ignored the upshot but now endorsed the bill at the terminal infinitesimal under force per unit area from party leaders who stressed how popular the idea was, especially among the emerging class of women voters. He told Autonomous Congressmen they needed to laissez passer this police and also a workman's compensation law to satisfy the national progressive motility and to win the 1916 election confronting a reunited GOP. Kid labor had officially go an issue of concern to the federal government and it was the first federal child labor police force.[half-dozen] However, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the law in Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) because information technology regulated commerce that did non cross land lines. Congress used its taxing power by passing a ten-percent tax on businesses that used kid labor, only that was struck downward by the Supreme Court in Bailey v. Drexel Furniture (1923).[half dozen] Child labor was finally ended in the 1930s.[14]

In response to these setbacks, Congress, on June 2, 1924, approved a Constitutional subpoena that would authorize Congress to regulate "labor of persons under 18 years of historic period", and submitted it to u.s.a. for ratification.[15] Only five states ratified the amendment in the 1920s. However, President Franklin D. Roosevelt'south assistants supported it, and another 14 states signed on in 1933 (his first year in office); 28 states in all had given their approval by 1937. An additional 10 states were needed at the time to ratify the proposed subpoena.[16]

The common legal stance on federal kid labor regulation reversed in the 1930s. Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Deed in 1938 regulating the employment of those under 16 or 18 years of age, and the Supreme Court upheld the law.[16] After this shift, the subpoena has been described every bit "moot"[17] and finer role of the Constitution.[18]

Agricultural child labor [edit]

Still, while the 1938 labor constabulary placed limits on many forms of child labor, agricultural labor was excluded. Every bit a result, approximately 500,000 children pick almost a quarter of the nutrient currently produced in the United States.[nineteen]

According to a 2010 petition past Human Rights Spotter:

Hundreds of thousands of children are employed every bit farm workers in the United States, oftentimes working 10 or more hours a day. They are often exposed to dangerous pesticides, experience loftier rates of injury, and endure fatalities at five times the rate of other working youth. Their long hours contribute to alarming driblet-out rates. Government statistics show that barely half ever finish high schoolhouse. According to the National Safety Council, agriculture is the 2nd almost dangerous occupation in the United States. Even so, current United states of america child labor laws let kid subcontract workers to piece of work longer hours, at younger ages, and under more than hazardous atmospheric condition than other working youths. While children in other sectors must be 12 to exist employed and cannot work more than than 3 hours on a school day, in agriculture, children can piece of work at age 12 for unlimited hours before and after school.[20] [21]

See also [edit]

  • Marie Moentmann (1900–1974), child survivor of industrial accident
  • Carmela Teoli (1897 – ca. 1970), child survivor of industrial accident
  • Timeline of children's rights in the Usa
  • United States labor police

References [edit]

  1. ^ United states. Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. Pub.50. 75–718 Canonical June 25, 1938.
  2. ^ a b c "Child Labor Provision for Nonagricultural Occupations Under the Fair Labor Standards Act" (PDF). U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division. July 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  3. ^ "State child labor laws applicable to agronomical employment". Wage and hour partitioning. U.s. Department of Labor. December 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  4. ^ Larson, Aaron (30 July 2016). "Child Labor Police force". ExpertLaw . Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d Schuman, Michael (Jan 2017). "History of kid labor in the United States-part one: little children working". Monthly Labor Review: 20.
  6. ^ a b c d eastward f chiliad Schuman, Michael (January 2017). "History of child labor in the U.s.—part 2: the reform movement". Monthly Labor Review: 23.
  7. ^ Crosson-Belfry, Cynthia (2017). Exploring Child Welfare (vii ed.). Pearson. p. 5. ISBN978-0-13-454792-3.
  8. ^ McHugh, Cathy L. (1960), Manufacturing plant family: the labor system in the Southern cotton textile industry, 1880-1915 , New York: Oxford Academy Press, ISBN0-19-504299-9, 0195042999
  9. ^ Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd (November 1989), Like a Family: the making of a Southern cotton fiber manufactory earth , W W Norton & Co Inc, ISBN978-0-393-30619-4, 0393306194
  10. ^ a b Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Furstenburg, Francois; Cline Cohen, Patricia; Hartmann, Susan Grand.; Stage, Sarah; Igo, Sarah East. (2020). "Chapter 19 The City and Its Workers: 1870–1900". The American Promise: A History of the United States (Kindle). Vol. Combined Volume (Value Edition, 8th ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. Kindle Locations 14409–14410. ISBN978-1319208929. OCLC 1096495503.
  11. ^ a b Gratton, Brian; Moen, Jon (2004). "Immigration, Culture, and Child Labor in the Us, 1880-1920". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History: 355–391.
  12. ^ McGill, Nettie P (April 1921). "Trend of Child Labor in the United States, 1913 to 1920". Monthly Labor Review: 1–xiv.
  13. ^ "CHILD LABOR". Monthly Labor Review: 1361–1373. Dec 1933.
  14. ^ Arthur Southward. Link, Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace, 1916-1917. Vol. v (1965) pp. 56–59.
  15. ^ Huckabee, David C. (September 30, 1997). "Ratification of Amendments to the U.S. Constitution" (PDF). Congressional Research Service reports. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress.
  16. ^ a b "Four amendments that near made it into the constitution". Constitution Daily. Philadelphia: The National Constitution Center. March 23, 2014. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  17. ^ Vile, John R. (2003). Encyclopedia of Ramble Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues, 1789-2002. ABC-CLIO. p. 63. ISBN9781851094288.
  18. ^ Strauss, David A. (2010). The Living Constitution. Oxford University Press. pp. 125–126. ISBN9780195377279.
  19. ^ York, Helene (Mar 26, 2012). "Do Children Harvest Your Food?".
  20. ^ "United states: Child Farmworkers' Dangerous Lives". five May 2010.
  21. ^ "Child Farmworkers in the United States: A "Worst Form of Child Labor"". 17 November 2011.

Further reading [edit]

  • Abbott, Edith. "A study of the early history of child labor in America." American Journal of Sociology 14.i (1908): 15–37. online
  • Basu, Kaushik. "Child labor: cause, consequence, and cure, with remarks on international labor standards." Journal of Economical literature 37.3 (1999): 1083–1119. online
  • Kaufka Walts, Katherine. "Kid labor trafficking in the United States: A subconscious offense." Social Inclusion 5.2 (2017): 59–68.
  • Kotin, Lawrence and William F. Aikman. Legal Foundations of Compulsory Schooling (Kennikat Printing 1980).
  • Landes William and Lewis C. Solomon, "Compulsory Schooling Legislation: An economic Analysis of Law and Social Change in the Nineteenth Century," Periodical of Economic History 22(1), 1972
  • Lleras-Muney, Adriana. "Were compulsory attendance and child labor laws constructive? An analysis from 1915 to 1939." Journal of Constabulary and Economics 45.2 (2002): 401–435. online
  • Moehling, Carolyn Thou. "State Child Labor Laws and the Decline of Child Labor," Explorations in Economical History (1999) 36, 72-106

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labor_laws_in_the_United_States

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